The gray shades represent regions where ( f e − | S t|)/ f > 0.2. The numbers along the wave rays indicate inertial periods (one inertial period is ∼25.5 h), dots are hourly positions, color is the ray’s depth level, and the flow lines are from geostrophic flow fields derived from (a) post-Katrina (15 Sep) and (b) post-Rita (26 Sep) airborne-based data. Near-inertial wave ray tracing based on Kunze’s (1985) model for (a) Katrina and (b) Rita. Flow lines are for the geostrophic flow derived from the poststorm flights. The color shade shows regions with mapping errors less than 40% from the objective analysis technique ( Mariano and Brown 1992). ![]() Vertical mixing induced by (a) Katrina and (b) Rita in the upper ocean during the relaxation stage, in terms of the mixing parameter ε evaluated from the thermal structure observed during the (a) post-Katrina (15 Sep) and (b) post-Rita (26 Sep) flights. The black triangles are Minerals Management Service (MMS) moorings, and black squares are interpolation points to calculate vorticity from mooring data. The color in the best-track line represents hurricane intensity as per the legend. ![]() The external, intermediate, and inner wind circles are the lower limit of tropical storm winds (18 m s −1), winds at saturation level (27 m s −1), and category 1 hurricane winds (33 m s −1), respectively. ![]() Purple circular lines stand for standard 10-m wind speed from the NOAA Hurricane Surface Wind Analysis (H*Wind) product ( Powell et al. Color is altimeter-based absolute dynamic sea surface height η, and the solid (dashed) contours are for barotropic cyclonic (anticyclonic) geostrophic relative vorticity ζ bg (normalized by f: ζ bg/ f = ☐.4) from η. Mesoscale ocean features during the propagation of Hurricanes (left) Katrina and (right) Rita over the eastern GOM (a),(c) storm and (b),(d) poststorm conditions.
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